MARCH 3            INTRODUCTION TO LITHIC TECHNOLOGY

 

Banning, E.

            2000 Chapter 8:  Analyzing Lithics, pp. 141-151.  In The Archaeologists’s Laboratory:The Analysis of Archaeological Data. Kluwer, New York

 

Crabtree, D. E.

1972 Part I: An Introduction to the Technology of Stone Tools.  In An Introduction to Flintworking, pp. 1-29. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, Number 28. Pocatello, Idaho. (skim Part II: A Glossary of Flintworking Terms, pp. 33-98)

 

Cotterell, B. and J. Kamminga

1990 Stone Tools. In Mechanics of Pre-Industrial Technology, pp. 125-159. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

Steffen, A., E. J. Skinner and P. W. Ainsworth

1997 A View to the Core: Technological Units and Debitage Analysis. In Unit Issues in Archaeology: Measuring Time, Space, and Material, edited by A. F. Ramenofsky and A. Steffen, pp. 131-146. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

 

See Also: Cotterell and Kamminga (1979, 1987), Inizan et al (1992), Moffat (1981), Speth (1972)

 

MARCH 7            SULLIVAN AND ROZEN'S DEBITAGE CLASSES

 

Sullivan, A. P. and K. C. Rozen

1985 Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50:755-779.

 

Amick, D. S. and R. P. Mauldin

1989 Comments on Sullivan and Rozen's "Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation". American Antiquity 54:166-168.

 

Rozen, K. C. and A. P. Sullivan

1989 Measurement, Method, and Meaning in Lithic Analysis: Problems with Amick and Mauldin's Middle-Range Approach. American Antiquity 54:169-175.

 

Kuijt, I., W. C. Prentiss and D. L. Pokotylo

1995 Bipolar Reduction: An Experimental Study of Debitage Variability. Lithic Technology 20:116-127.

 

Amick, D. S. and R. P. Mauldin

1997 Effects of Raw Material on Flake Breakage Patterns. Lithic Technology 22:18-32.

 

See Also: Ensor and Roemer (1989), Kuijt and Russell (1993), Mauldin and Amick (1989), Prentiss and Romanski (1989), Rozen and Sullivan (1989), Sullivan (1987, 2001)

 

 

MARCH 24: MEASURING TECHNOLOGICAL VARIATION: CORE REDUCTION AND ITS RESIDUE

 

Baumler, M. F.

1988 Core Reduction, Flake Production, and the Middle Paleolithic Industry of Zobište (Yugoslavia). In Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, edited by H. L. Dibble and A. Montet-White, pp. 255-273. University Museum Monograph 54. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

 

Kelly, Robert L.

1988       Three Sides of a Biface. American Antiquity 53: 717-734.

 

 

Kuhn, S. L.

1995 Core Reduction Technology.  In Mousterian Lithic Technology: An Ecological Perspective, pp. 81-123. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

 

Larsen, M.L and M. Kornfeld

1997     Chipped Stone Nodules: Theory, Method and Examples. Lithic Technology 22: 4-18

 

Shott, M. J.

1994 Size and Form in the Analysis of Flake Debris: Review and Recent Approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:69-110.

 

Bradbury, A. and P. J. Carr

1995 Flake Typologies and Alternative Approaches: An Experimental Assessment. Lithic Technology 20:100-115.

 

See Also: Ahler (1989, 1989), Burton (1980), Fish (1979, 1981), Ingbar et al (1989), Morrow (1997), Odell (1989), Parry (1987), Patterson (1990), Stahle and Dunn (1982, 1984), Teltser (1991) Tomka (1989; 2001)

 

 

MARCH 31            HAFTED BIFACE TYPOLOGIES: THE FLENNIKEN-THOMAS DEBATE

 

Thomas, D. H.

1981 How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:7-43.

 

Flenniken, J. J. and A. W. Raymond

1986 Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication Experimentation and Technological Analysis. American Antiquity 51:603-614.

 

Thomas, D. H.

1986 Points on Points: A Reply to Flenniken and Raymond. American Antiquity 51:619-627.

 

Flenniken, J. J. and P. J. Wilke

1989 Typology, Technology, and Chronology of Great Basin Dart Points. American Anthropologist 91:149-158.

 

Bettinger, R. L., J. F. O'Connell and D. H. Thomas

1991 Projectile Points as Time Markers in the Great Basin. American Anthropologist 93:166-173.

 

Rondeau, M. F.

1996 When Is an Elko? In Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory, edited by G. H. Odell, pp. 229-243. Plenum Press, New York.

 

Beck, C.

1998 Projectile Point Types as Valid Chronological Units. In Unit Issues in Archaeology: Measuring Time, Space, and Material, edited by A. F. Ramenofsky and A. Steffen, pp. 21-40. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

 

See Also: Beck (1995), Christenson (1987), Flenniken (1984, 1985), Hoffman (1986), Thomas (1986), Titmus and Woods (1986), Towner and Warburton (1990), Young and Bonnichsen (1984, 1985)

 

"... the initial question which I asked myself was, what is Bordes' taxonomy measuring?  It is quite easy to defend the position, since any taxonomy is an instrument for measurment, that the answer to the question, what does a given taxonomy measure, is central to prehistory" Lewis Binford (1973:244-245)

 

READINGS LIST

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

 

Ahler, S. A.

1989 Experimental Knapping with KRF and Midcontinent Cherts: Overview and Applications. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 199-234. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

 

1989 Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Rather than the Tree. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis, edited by D. O. Henry and G. H. Odell, pp. 85-118. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association Number 1.

 

Beck, C.

1995 Functional Attributes and the Differential Persistence of Great Basin Dart Forms. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 17:222-243.

 

Burton, J.

1980 Making Sense of Waste Flakes: New Methods for Investigating the Technology and Economics Behind Chipped Stone Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 7:131-148.

 

Christenson, A. L.

1987 Projectile Points: Eight Millenia of Projectile Change on the Colorado Plateau. In Prehistoric Stone Technology on Northern Black Mesa, Arizona, edited by W. J. Parry and A. L. Christenson, pp. 143-198. Occasional Paper No. 12. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

 

Cotterell, B. and J. Kamminga

1979 The Mechanics of Flaking. In Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, edited by B. Hayden, pp. 97-112. Academic Press, New York.

 

1987 The Formation of Flakes. American Antiquity 52:675-708.

 

Ensor, H. B. and E. Roemer, Jr.

1989 Comments on Sullivan and Rozen's Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 54:175-178.

 

Fish, P. R.

1979 The Interpretive Potential of Mousterian Debitage. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 16, Tempe.

 

1981 Beyond Tools: Middle Paleolithic Debitage Analysis and Cultural Inference. Journal of Anthropological Research 37:374-386.

 

Flenniken, J. J.

1984 The Past, Present, and Future of Flintknapping: An Anthropological Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:187-203.

 

1985 Stone Tool Reduction Techniques as Cultural Markers. In Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E. Crabtree, edited by M. G. Plew, J. C. Woods and M. G. Pavesic, pp. 265-276. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

 

 

Hoffman, C. M.

1986 Projectile Point Maintenance and Typology: Assessment with Factor Analysis and Canonical Correlation. In For Concordance in Archaeological Analysis, edited by C. Carr, pp. 566-612. Westport Publishers, Kansas City.

 

Ingbar, E. E., M. L. Larson and B. A. Bradley

1989 A Nontypological Approach to Debitage Analysis. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 117-136. British Archaeological Reports International Series 528, Oxford.

 

Inizan, M. L., H. Roche and J. Tixier

1992            Technology of Knapped Stone. Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée Tome 3. CREP, Meudon.

 

Kuijt, I. and K. W. Russell

1993 Tur Imdai Rockshelter, Jordan: Debitage Analysis and Historic Bedouin Lithic Technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:667-680.

 

Mauldin, R. P. and D. S. Amick

1989 Investigating Patterning in Debitage from Experimental Bifacial Core Reduction. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 67-88. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

 

Moffat, C. R.

1981 The Mechanical Basis of Stone Flaking: Problems and Prospects. Plains Anthropologist 26:195-212.

 

Morrow, T. A.

1997 A Chip Off the Old Block: Alternative Approaches to Debitage Analysis. Lithic Technology 22:51-69.

 

1989 Experiments in Lithic Reduction. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 163-198. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

 

Parry, W. J.

1987 Technological Change: Temporal and Functional Variability in Chipped Stone Debitage. In Prehistoric Stone Technology on Northern Black Mesa, Arizona, edited by W. J. Parry and A. L. Christenson, pp. 199-256. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 12, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

 

Patterson, L. W.

1990 Characteristics of Bifacial-Reduction Flake-Size Distribution. American Antiquity 55:550-558.

 

Prentiss, W. C. and E. J. Romanski

1989 Experimental Evaluation of Sullivan and Rozen's Debitage Typology. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 89-99. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

 

Rozen, K. C. and A. P. Sullivan

1989 The Nature of Lithic Reduction and Lithic Analysis: Stage Typologies Revisited. American Antiquity 54:179-184.

 

Speth, J. D.

1972 Mechanical Basis of Percussion Flaking. American Antiquity 37:34-60.

 

Stahle, D. W. and J. E. Dunn

1982 An Analysis and Application of the Size Distribution of Waste Flakes from the Manufacture of Bifacial Stone Tools. World Archaeology 14:84-97.

 

1984 An Experimental Analysis of the Size Distribution of Waste Flakes from Biface Reduction. Arkansas Archeological Survey Technical Paper No. 2, Fayetteville.

 

Sullivan, A. P.

1987 Probing the Sources of Lithic Assemblage Variability: A Regional Case Study Near the Homolovi Ruins, Arizona. North American Archaeology 8:41-71.

 

Sullivan, A. P.

2001       Holmes’s Principle and Beyond: The Case for Renewing Americanist Debitage Analysis

In Lithic Debitage: Context, Form, and Meaning, edited by. W. Andrefsky Jr, pp. 192-206.

University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City

 

 

Teltser, P. A.

1991 Generalized Core Technology and Tool Use: A Mississippian Example. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:363-375.

 

Titmus, G. L. and J. C. Woods

1986 An Experimental Study of Projectile Point Fracture Patterns. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 8:37-49.

 

Thomas, D. H.

1986 Contemporary Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology in America. In American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935-1985, edited by D. J. Meltzer, D. D. Fowler and J. A. Sabloff, pp. 237-276. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

 

Tomka, S. A.

1989 Differentiating Lithic Reduction Techniques: An Experimental Approach. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 137-161. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

 

 

2001       The Effects of Processing Requirements on Reduction Strategies and Tool Form. In Lithic Debitage: Context From, and Meaning, edited by W. Andrefsky, pp. 207-223.  University of Utah Press,  Salt Lake City.

 

Towner, R. H. and M. Warburton

1990 Projectile Point Rejuvenation: A Technological Analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:311-321.

 

Young, D. E. and R. Bonnichsen

1984 Understanding Stone Tools: A Cognitive Approach. Peopling of the Americas Process Series No. 1. University of Maine, Orono.

 

1985 Cognition, Behavior, and Material Culture. In Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E. Crabtree, edited by M. G. Plew, J. C. Woods and M. G. Pavesic, pp. 91-131. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.