VO2:

VCO2:

FE02:

FIO2:

FECO2:

FICO2:

FIN2:

FEN2:

VI:

VE:

END

Please Check your answers below?
What is Calorimetry? Calorimetry is the measurement of the quantity of heat exchange. For example, if the energy from an exothermic chemical reaction is absorbed in a container of water, the change in temperature of the water provides a measure of the amount of heat added.

What is the first law of bioenergetics? The energy released from the combustion of chemicals is a constant. Thus, energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

What is a Bomb Calorimeter? This is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring heat of combustion of a particular reaction.

What is a Kcal? A Kcal is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celcius at 1 atmosphere of pressure.

In the body, what are the kcals/grams for carbohydrate, fat, protein and alcohol? Carbohydrate (4.0), fat (9.0), protein (4.0) and alcohol (7.0). These are after the Atwater correction factors.

What is the Atwater correction? The Atwater correction corrects for energy of digestion and waste removal from the body. Atwater worked with Benedict and in 1904 the researchers confirmed that there is a slight difference in energy released from the bomb calorimeter and metabolism.

What is the Non-Protein RQ? The RQ or respiratory quotient measures the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced by an organism to the volume of oxygen consumed. Due to the complexity of various ways in which amino acids can be metabolized, the Non-Protein RQ is assigned to the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats.

What does DIRECT calorimetry mean? The use of a bomb calorimeter. This would be measurement of the amount of heat produced by a subject enclosed within a small chamber.

Why don't we use DIRECT calorimetry during exercise? There is added heat production from the exercise apparatus, friction of the body and machine interaction. Also, the foot impact on the treadmill belt would influence heat production.

What does INDIRECT calorimetry mean? The use of expired gas analysis that are influences by metabolism. Indirect calorimetry is called EXPIRED GAS ANALYSIS.

What is closed circuit spirometry? This is a closed circuit of gasses with no outside air.

What is open circuit spirometry? This only measures expired air.

Which spirometry technique is most commonly used for exercise? Open circuit spirometry

What is the difference in absolute and relative VO2max? Absolute is L/min and relative is ml/kg/min

Can you name 3 or 4 limitations of INDIRECT calorimetry? It is whole body; expensive; highly sensitive to measurement error; requires face or mouth apparatus; it is only accurate for steady state exercise for most measurements.

Explain the difference in respiratory quotient (RQ) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)? RQ equals VCO2/VO2 at the cellular level. RER equals VCO2/VO2 at the lung.

What are the maximal ranges for RQ and RER? The range for RQ (cell respiration) is 0.7 to 1.0. The range for RER (exhaled air from lung) is <0.7 to >1.2.

From PEP326L, what is the NET yield of glycolysis? 2 ATP,. 2 H2O, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH+H+

Are there any metabolic reactions that influence RER in glycolysis or glycogenolysis and WHY? NO, because no carbon dioxide is produced?

Does the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction (PDH), where pyruvate is converted to acetyl-coenzyme A influence RER? YES, for each pyruvate there is one CO2 produced.

In the TCA cycle, what is the NET yield (Remember, there are two molecules of ACoA)? 2 ATP (by way of GTP), 6 NADH+H+, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2

What TWO reactions in the TCA produce the CO2? Isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction and alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase reaction.

Why does RER of carbohydrate equal an RER of '1'? Mainly because of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reaction.

Why does RER exceed '1'? This is due to the non-metabolic buffering of CO2 by bicarbonate as exercise intensity increases.

IMPORTANT: The assumption of equality between RQ and RER cannot be made during what 5 conditions? (or question worded this way; What FIVE conditions does RER not EQUAL RQ?)
1) Metabolic acidosis: this inflates the VCO2 independently of VO2 production
2) NON-steady state exercise: lower than expected VO2 due to non-mitochondrial ATP production
3) Hyperventilation: this leads to an increase n CO2 exhaled from the lung.
4) EPOC: VO2 remains elevated, while VCO2 decreases rapidly
5) Prolonged exercise: muscle and liver glycogen depletion increases reliance on amino acid catabolism for energy

Please define these abbreviations (Note the Subscripts of '2' are difficult to show with web authoring programs)

VO2: oxygen consumption

VCO2: carbon dioxide production

FE02: fraction of expired oxygen

FIO2: fraction of inspired oxygen

FECO2: fraction of expired carbon dioxide

FICO2: fraction of inspired carbon dioxide

FIN2: fraction of inspired nitrogen

FEN2: fraction of expired nitrogen

VI: inspired volume

VE: expired volume

END