A.  "Conditions of Production": The Determinants of the Nature of Society:

• "The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and spiritual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but on the contrary their social existence determines their consciousness." (Preface to A critique of Political Economy, 1859)
• "It is not the articles made, but how they made, and by what instruments, that enables us to distinguish different economical epochs."  (Capital I, 1867)
• "In acquiring new productive forces men change their mode of production, and in changing their mode of production, their manner of making a living, they change all their social relations."   (The Poverty of Philosophy 1847)

B.  The Conditions of Production Capitalism Result into the Formation of Classes:

• "The necessary result of competition is the accumulation of capital into a few hands, and thus a more terrible restoration of monopoly; and that finally the distinction between capitalist and landlord, and that between peasant and industrial worker disappears and the whole of society must fall apart into the two classes of the property owners and the propertyless workers." (Paris manuscripts, 1843)
• "The status of an individual is determined by the part which he plays in the process of production."  (Berlin, 1963)

C.  The Resulting Alienation:

• "Alienation occurs when the results of men's acts contradict their true purposes, when their official values, or the parts they play, misrepresent their real motives and needs and goals."   (Berlin, 1963)
• "Alienated man has been reduced to performing undifferentiated work on humanly undistinguishable objects among people deprived of their human variety and compassion. There is little that remains of his relations to his activity, product and fellows which enable us to grasp the peculiar qualities of his species."   (Ollman, 1976)

D.   The Ensuing Crises:

"The last cause of all real crises always remains the poverty and restricted consumption of the masses as compared to the tendency of capitalist production to develop the productive forces in such a way that only the absolute power of consumption of the entire society would be their limit."  (Capital II, 1869)

QUESTION:  How may the forging of public-private partnerships that occur in PCD impact any tendency towards the above described crisis?
 

E.  The Production Condition Marx Wanted to Achieve:

"Supposing that we have produced in a human manner; each of us would in his production have doubly affirmed himself and his fellow men. I would have:
(1) Objectified in my production my individuality and its peculiarity and thus both in my activity enjoy an individual expression of my life and also I looking at the object have had the individual pleasure of realizing my personality was objective, visible to the senses and thus a power raised beyond all doubt.
(2) In your enjoyment or use of my product I would have had the direct enjoyment of realizing that I had both satisfied a human need by my work and also objectified the human essence and therefore fashioned for another human being the object that met his need.
(3) I would have been for you the mediator between you and the species and thus been acknowledged and felt by you as a completion of your own essence and a necessary part of yourself and have thus realized that I am confirmed both in your thought and in your love.
(4) In my expression of my life I would have fashioned your expression of your life, and thus in my own activity have realized my own essence, my human, my communal essence." (Paris Manuscripts, 1843)

QUESTION:  How may these qualities of producing in a "human manner" resemble the PCD production process?
 

F.  Communism:

"Communism is the genuine solution of the antagonism between man and nature and between man and man. It is the true solution of the struggle between objectification and self-affirmation, between freedom and necessity, between individual and species. It is the solution to the riddle of history and knows itself to be this solution."   (1844 Manuscripts)

QUESTION:  How can PCD relate to this communist ideal?
 

G.  Incompatibilities between Marxism and PCD:
 

• "The research studies Marxist theoreticians make are undertaken to establish a doctrine that they had previously conceived, rather than the doctrine being the result of research." (Emile Durkheim, 1986)

• "In most countries on the Continent, it is force that must be the lever of our revolutions."  (Speech in Amsterdam, 1872)
• "They [Communists] openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions."  (Communist Manifesto, 1848)