Prebisch, R. (1970) Change and Development: Latin America's Great Task, Washington, DC: The Inter-American Development Bank.

• There is a direct link between the increase of marginality and the incapacity of urban activities to absorb the population increment in productive employment. 2
• considerable capital formation effort [is] required in order to give the economy the additional dynamism it needs. It is not conceivable - much less desirable - that this should be done mainly with foreign capital. A great internal effort will be an imperative and inescapable necessity. 14
• In reality, socialism has been a method of development rather than a method of transforming an advanced economy. 15
• Any system which fails to imbue the economy with the required degree of dynamism, and to promote more equitable income distribution, will have irrevocably forfeited the right to survive. 16

Sunkel, O. "National Development Policy and External Dependence in Latin America," The Journal of Development Studies.

• In an adequate historical perspective, development appears as a process of transformation of economic, social, political, and cultural structures and institutions. National development policy, to be effective, must therefore stimulate and promote the institutional and structural changes essential for the achievement of desired social goals. 23
• The formulation of a strategy of national development requires, therefore, a precise diagnosis of the mechanisms of dependence in all its forms: economic, political, military, and cultural. 28
• the traditional agrarian structure has largely been preserved, seriously limiting modernization and technological improvement of rural production. Agriculture has been unable to respond efficiently to the demand for farm produce which has been strongly stimulated both by the growth of population and of urban incomes and by the development of industry itself, which, at least in its initial stages, is based largely on primary agricultural materials. Among other serious consequences this situation has contributed to the worsening of the balance of payments deficit, either because exports have been reduced or because agricultural imports have increased considerably. 28
• one of the essential tasks of agrarian policy must be to speed up the growth of rural production available for the cities, at constant or decreasing relative prices for the urban consumer. As this must be compatible with an income rise for the peasants - the rural and urban poor being the political base of this strategy of development - it will be necessary to emphasize: (a) a substantial increase in yields per hectare; (b) the maximum efficiency and reduction of costs in the process of marketing; ( c) a lowering of the costs of agricultural inputs; and (d) a redistribution of income within the rural sector itself. 36
• From a strategy based unilaterally on import substitution, we must move in a decisive way to another which rests on three principle supports: (a) the expansion and diversification of exports, (b) internal structural changes in the agricultural sector and in manufacturing activity, and ( c) basic changes in the nature of foreign financial ties. 37
• to the extent that technological progress is the fundamental determining factor of dynamic comparative advantage, it is absolutely essential to stimulate it, not just to make our own natural resources more valuable, but also to assure their optimum utilization. 39
• to what extent will the limitations imposed by the web of international relations within which our countries exist, permit us to adopt policies and strategies of national development such as those suggested? 43
• It has become evident...that the revolutionary dangers and tensions in Latin America have their fundamental origin in the economic and social structure of these countries. 45
• the fulfillment of the objective of reducing external dependence requires very important re-orientations in traditional development strategy, particularly relating to agrarian policy, integration, foreign relations, and industrial policy. 46

Frank, A. (1969) Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution--Essays on the Development of Underdevelopment and the Immediate Enemy, New York: Monthly Review Press.

• We cannot hope to formulate adequate development theory and policy for the majority of the world's population who suffer from underdevelopment without first learning how their past economic and social history gave rise to their present underdevelopment. 3
• historical research demonstrates that contemporary underdevelopment is in large part the historical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between the satellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries. 4
• the economic, political, social and cultural institutions and relations we now observe there are the product of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemingly more modern or capitalist features of the metropoles of these underdeveloped countries. 5
• a whole chain of constellations of metropoles and satellites relates all parts of the whole system from its metropolitan center in Europe or the United States to the farthest outpost in the Latin America countryside. 6
• tendencies...which lead to the development of the metropolis and the underdevelopment of the satellite.  7
• underdevelopment was and still is generated by the very same historical process which also generated economic development: the development of capitalism itself. 9
• Though science and truth know no national boundaries, it is probably new generations of scientists from the underdeveloped countries themselves who most need to, and best can, devote the necessary attention to these problems and clarify the process of underdevelopment and development. It is their people who in the last analysis face the task of changing this no longer acceptable process and eliminating this miserable reality. 15
• They [people from underdeveloped countries] will not be able to accomplish these goals by importing sterile stereotypes from the metroplis which do not correspond to their satellite economic reality and do not respond to their liberating political needs. 16

Amin, S., Arrighi, G., Frank, A., and Wallerstein, E. (1990) Transforming the Revolution: Social Movements and the World System, New York: Monthly Review Press.

• We believe that we cannot make an intelligent analysis of the various states taken separately without placing their so called internal-life in the context of the world division of labor, located in the world economy. Nor can we make a coherent analysis that segregates "economic", "political" and "social" variables. 9
• We believe that we cannot begin to appreciate this history or these current dilemmas without placing these movements within the framework of the historical evolution of the capitalist world-economy as a whole, of which these movements themselves have been an integral part. 10

"Conclusion: A Friendly Debate," pp. 233-243

• Lenin's concept of imperialism (a transformation of competition from market competition among enterprises into military competition, i.e., war, among core states. 235
• For Amin, nationalism today cannot develop significantly in the absence of socialist content.238
• it is capitalism's success that will breed it failure; that the more capitalism expands, recuperates oppositions, and adjusts difficulties, the more its is led into impasses from which there is no exit. 243

Chilcote, R. (1984) Theories of Development and Underdevelopment, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

• "The permanent revolution, in the sense which Marx attached to this concept, means a revolution which makes no compromise with any single form of class rule, which does not stop at the democratic stage, which goes over to socialist measures and to war against reaction from without; that is, a revolution whose every successive stage is rooted in the proceeding one and which can only in complete liquidation of class society." p.62 in Leon Trotsky, "The theory of permanent revolution", --62-65 in Isaac Deutscher, The age of permanent revolution: A Trotsky Anthology, NY, Dell Publishing. 19
• "By dependence I mean relations between centers and the periphery whereby a country is subjected to decisions taken in the centers, not only in economic matters, but also in matters of politics and strategy for domestic and foreign policies. The consequence is that due to exterior pressure the country cannot decide autonomously what it should do or cease doing. The structural changes bring about an awareness of this phenomena, and this awareness, this desire for autonomy, is one of the integral elements in a critical understanding of the system." Raul Prebisch, "The Dynamics of peripheral capitalism", pp21-27 in Louis and Liisa L. North (eds.), Democracy and Development in Latin America, No 1 Toronto: Studies on the political economy, society and culture of Latin America and the Caribbean, p.25. 27
• The Prebisch approach clearly moves toward an autonomous capitalist solution. The state must assume a dominant role, but rather than socialize the means of production, it must work to coordinate private and public enterprise in order to overcome the obstacles and contradictions between center and periphery. 27
• "What we are seeing is the assertion of the national interest of our countries in their international economic relations. The aim is greater autonomy, in order to achieve development without "dependencia" and without marginalization. To achieve this goal, the asymmetrical nature of the present system of international economic relations must first undergo a thorough reform." 531 Sunkel, Osvaldo, "Big Business and Dependencia", Foreign Affairs, 50, (April), 517-531. 30
• "By dependence we mean a situation by which the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy to which the former is subjected. The relation of interdependence between two or more economies, and between these and world trade, assumes the form of dependence when some countries (the dominant ones) can expand and be self-sustaining, while other countries (the dependent ones) can do this only as a reflection of that expansion, which can have either a positive or negative effect on their immediate development". P.231 Theotonio Dos Santos, "The structure of dependence", American economic review, 60, May, 231-231. 60
• Such inequalities produces limits within the dependent countries on the capacity of the internal market as well as negative consequences for the people. 61
• "Underdevelopment is not original or traditional....The now developed countries were never underdeveloped, though they may have been undeveloped". A.G.F., 17-18 "The Development of Underdevelopment", Monthly Review, 18, Sept., 17-31. 86
• "Underdevelopment as we know it today, and economic development as well, are the simultaneous and related products of the development...of a single integrated economic system: capitalism". A.G.F., p.43, On Capitalist Underdevelopment, Bombay: Oxford University Press. 87
• The definition of development - "At the level of the individual, it implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being". Walter Rodney, p.9, How Europe underdeveloped Africa, London: Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications; Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House. 95
• "Whereas at the center, growth is development - that is, it has an integrating effect - in the periphery growth is not development, for its effect is to disarticulate. Strictly speaking, growth in the periphery, based on integration on the world market, is development of underdevelopment." Samir Amin, 1:18-19, Accumulation on a world scale: A critique of the theory of underdevelopment, 2 vols. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Chew, S., and Denemark, R. (1996) The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
"On Development: For Gunder Frank", 61-86, Samir Amin

• [Conclusions of dependency school] a) that polarization (seen from the periphery, it manifests itself as dependency) is a fact (no one denies this); b) that polarization is inherent in capitalism (this viewpoint is not that of the bourgeois ideologists), although the analysis of the mechanism of polarization opens the field to fertile debates; c) that the polarization inherent in capitalism gained momentum during the mercantilist epoch, deployed itself with the industrial revolution, took it present form with imperialism in the sense of Lenin, and perhaps has embarked on a new stage of intensification (my argument); d) that consequently the peoples of the periphery can only liberate themselves from the disastrous effects by breaking with the world capitalist system (by delinking) and in doing so with the social logic of capitalism tout court by building socialism; and e) that delinking and building socialism constitute projects that develop in revolutionary states. 63
• For those of us who see development as a shorthand term for progressive social design, the democratization of society is, by definition, an integral part of the development process. Without it, the liberation and empowerment of the people are only empty words. 80
• at the level of the world system, the struggle should aim at the reconstruction based on the negotiated creation of major regional blocs strong enough to meet current challenges. 84
• The task ahead is first and foremost the reconstruction of the social power of the popular classes that has been eroded by the ongoing crisis. (Last sentence in essay) 85

"World Systems: Similarities and Differences," pp. 246-258, Christopher Chase-Dunn

• Modern hegemons do not conquer adjacent core states to extract taxes and tribute. Rather, they sought to control international trade, especially oceanic trade, that linked cores with peripheries. This is why the modern world system is resistant to empire formation. The most powerful state in the system acts to block empire-formation and to preserve the interstate system.

"The Art of Hegemony," Albert Bergesen, pp. 259-278

• the evolution of sequential stages within a social formation is interrupted in some parts of the world (the South) when other sectors reach certain levels of development (the predatory North). The development of one part of the world now inhibits the development of other areas. 261

"Frank justice rather than frankenstein injustice: Homogenous development as deviance in the diverse world," Pat Lauderdale, pp. 314-343

• [A.G.F.] I reject as contrary to fact the more commonly held supposition that underdevelopment is somehow original or traditional, or that developed countries were once underdeveloped as the underdeveloped ones are now; and I try to suggest how internationally, nationally, and regionally that underdevelopment development no less than "development," each in a close causative relation with the other, as a result of capitalism development itself. (Quoted on page 318)
• Dependency works against community determination and autonomy. 326
• [the sources of injustice] a) the continued exposure of exploitation in labor relations, b) the exclusion of participants in decision-making and policy agendas, c) the erosion of community solidarity and identity and the right to sovereignty, and d) the long-term cost to nature when it is defined in indigenous terms - that is, both humans and the environment as nature, rather the modern notion of nature as separate and subservient to humans.

"Underdevelopment and Its Remedies," Immanuel Wallerstein, pp. 355-361

• Because we are still living in this system and because any transition is still a matter of fifty years or more, we need a strategy for change that can rally support, combined with clarifying alternatives. We thus need a strategy with three time components: immediate, middle run, and long-run. The immediate involves the struggles that go on now at the local level (and, of course, local involves state level) that impinge on how lives are led immediately. It is not that any changes achieved at this level are wide-ranging. It is rather that people want and need the immediate ameliorations now at that the struggle to achieve them is not only mobilizing but also disconcerting for the forces of the status quo. 359
• two lessons we can draw from the long history of such immediate struggles. First, they are useful insofar as they improve lives immediately, but they can never be allowed to become ends in themselves because, as soon as they do, they become instruments of our co-optation. Second, because al such struggles are local and therefore reflect the hurts of some particular group, it is important to remember that there are many hurts of many groups and that, therefore, alliances are essential if these struggles are not to become modes of division.
• [long-run] we have to engage seriously in the project of inventing the future system - not by a philosopher-king, but collectively.

Bernstein, H. (ed.) (1978) Underdevelopment and Development: The Third World Today, New York: Penguin.
"The Crisis of Development Theory and the Problem of Dependence in Latin America," T. Dos Santos, pp. 57-80

• A change from development towards the 'outside' to development towards the 'interior' would relieve underdeveloped countries of their dependence of foreign trade and give to a locally controlled economy. These changes were described as a 'transfer of centers of decision-making towards the interior' of underdeveloped economies, and as replacing a development 'induced' by uncontrollable foreign trade situations by national development as conceived by those in power within the country. 64
• D.S. Dependence is not the 'external factor' which it is often believed to be. "The international situation in which this movement occurs is taken as a general condition but not as a demiurge of the national process because it is the elements within a nation which determine the effect of international situations upon the national reality." 72
• dependence is a conditioning situation in which the economies of one group of countries are conditioned by the development and expansion of others. A relationship of interdependence between two or more economies or between such economies and the world trading system becomes a dependent relationship when some countries can expand through self-impulsion while others, being in a dependent position, can only expand as a reflection of the expansion of the dominant countries, which may have positive or negative effects on their immediate development. 76
• The concept of dependence itself cannot be understood without reference to the articulation of dominant interests in the hegemonic centers and in the dependent societies. 78
• For if dependence defines the internal situation and is structurally linked to it, a country cannot break out of it simply by isolating herself from external influences; such action would simply provoke chaos in a society which is of itself dependent. The only solution therefore would be to change its internal structure - a course which necessarily leads to confrontation with the existing international structure. 79

"Planning Economic Development," O. Lange, pp. 207-215

• The strategic factor is investment, or more precisely productive investment. Consequently the problem of development planing is one of assuring that there be sufficient productive investment, and then of directing that productive investment into such channels as will provide for the most rapid growth of the productive power of national economy.