How the respiratory pump have blood flow return to the heart. (explain the pressure changes in the intraabdominal and intrathoracic areas that facilitate venous return)
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What is peripheral resistance?
Why is it called peripheral resistance?
What are the THREE factors we discussed in lecture that affect peripheral resistance?
Vessel diameter and its affect on peripheral resistance
With a smaller diameter there is ____(more, less) fluid contact with the wall, leading to____ (more, less) resistance, which will lead to ___ (higher, lower) blood pressure.
The sympathetic nervous system can also affect blood pressure? When stimulated, the vessels do what?
Viscosity and peripheral resistance
If blood viscosity goes up, what happens to peripheral resistance?
If blood viscosity goes up, what then happens to blood pressure?
What is hematocrit?
If hematocrit goes up, what happens to blood viscosity?
If hematocrit goes up, what happens to peripheral resistance?
Vessel length and peripheral resistance
The longer the vessels, the ___ (more, less) resistance they encounter?
Vessel elasticity and blood pressure
How does vessel elasticity affect blood pressure?
Relate how vessel elasticity affects blood pressure in a person with atherosclerosis?
Blood volume and blood pressure
If the diameter of two vessels is the same, the vessel with the greater blood volume will have ____(more, less)
fluid in contact with the wall of the vessel, leading to ____(higher, lower) blood pressure.
Cardiac output affects blood pressure
Let’s look at heart rate, with no changes in stroke volume.
If HR decreases, this will lead to a ___ in cardiac output which will lead to a ____ in blood pressure.
If HR increases,this will lead to a ___ in cardiac output which will lead to a ____ in blood pressure.
Cardiac output affects blood pressure
Let’s look at stroke volume, with no changes in heart rate.
Decreased stroke volume (due to decreased venous return) will lead to a ____ in cardiac output, which will lead
to a ____ in blood pressure.
Increased stroke volume (due to increased venous return or contractility) will lead to ____ stroke volume, and
______blood pressure.
Which of the following factors will help a person lower their blood pressure?
Increased arterial diameter
Decreased vessel elasticity
Increased blood volume
Decreased stroke volume
Decreased blood viscosity
Increased total vessel length
Decreased plasma epinephrine
Increased vasopressin
Increased parasympathetic stimulation
Increased sympathetic stimulation
Decreased plasma norepinephrine
Increased plasma epinephrine
Short term regulation of RISING blood pressure
The rising blood pressure causes the baroreceptors to ______(send more, send less) messages to the brain.
The brain ____(increases, decreases) the parasympathetic nervous system and _____(increases, decreases) the
sympathetic nervous system.
This leads to a _____(increase, decrease) in HR and an ______(increase, decrease) in arterial diameter.
The final result is blood pressure ____(increases, decreases).
Short term regulation of FALLING blood pressure
Falling blood pressure leads to ________(inhibition, excitation) of baroreceptors messages to the brain. Thus
the brain gets ____(more, less) messages.
This causes the parasympathetic nervous system to _____(increase, decrease), and the sympathetic nervous
system to _______(increase, decrease).
This cascade of events leads to an ______(increase, decrease) in HR, ______(vasodilation, constriction) of
blood vessels, ________(release, no release) of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Class, make sure you can trace blood flow through the heart: veins, inferior/superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules
What are the THREE phases of the cardiac cycle?
Make sure you know in each phase what valves are open or closed as that is the key to blood flow!
During phase one, ventricular filling of the ventricles is happening initially through ___ (passive or active) filling?
What does isovolumetric mean?
Do both atrium and ventricles pump the same amount at the same time!
During ejection, the aortic semilunar valve hinders blood entrance to the coronary arteris. Why is this?
What is a simple but succint definition of the cardiac cycle?
End diastolic volume (EDV) is?
End systolic volume is?
a-v02 difference is?
We report a-vO2 difference in ml O2/min
Ejection fraction is? (you determine it by dividing SV by EDV)
Cardiac output is? What does the ‘Q’ stand for?
Be ready for some basic calculations of cardiac output if given heart rate and stroke volume.
What is the Fick equation?
What does the Fick equation describe?
What are some equations that can be formed with the Fick?
Be ready for some simple word problems with the Fick?
Here are some practice examples you should be able to solve:
Larry Lean (68 kg) has a cardiac output of 4000 ml blood/min and his a-v O2 diff is 7.5 ml O2/100 ml blood. What is his absolute and relative VO2?
Sally Stroll (55 kg) is doing a treadmill GXT and her Q=15,000 ml blood/min and her a-v O2 diff is 14 ml O2/100 ml blood. What is her absolute and relative VO2?
Rod Run (72 kg) is cycling. His heart rate is 140 bpm and his stroke volume is 100 ml blood per beat. His a-v O2 difference is 15 ml O2/100 ml blood. What is his absolute and relative VO2?
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